Joseph the 2nd biography of martin

Chapter Who is protected by protective tariffs? Sealing off the Monarchy as a form of economic programme. Chapter Laxenburg — the Habsburg Arcadia. Chapter Archdukes in holy orders. Chapter The Queen of France.

Joseph the 2nd biography of martin

Chapter The peace-loving mother-figure versus the neurotic megalomaniac? Chapter A war over plums and potatoes. Chapter Yet another war against the Turks — but this time it was for the last time. Chapter The people versus the useful emperor. Chapter Theresienstadt. Joseph was considered an "enlightened despot," and his reforms were open-minded, to a point.

However, Joseph's main aim was to make the empire more efficient and financially secure. Believing that he was doing what was right and necessary, Joseph did not bother to smooth the way with nobles or clergy who felt threatened by his changes. Joseph's reforms convinced people in the Austrian Netherlands that their historical privileges were not being respected.

Hungarian nobles tried to reject Joseph's decrees on the grounds that he had not gone through an official coronation there. Even peasants were often more concerned with the taxes that the empire demanded than with their new freedoms. Joseph also encountered difficulties outside his empire. To counter Prussia's strength, Joseph forged an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, which brought the empire into a conflict in Turkey.

This stretched the empire's resources and also opened the door for more unrest. ByJoseph faced numerous problems in his empire, including a loss of control in the Austrian Netherlands. In a weakened state after being ill for years, Joseph made the painful decision to undo his reforms in Hungary in order to maintain the empire's power there. On February 20,when he was 48 years old, Joseph passed away in Vienna.

The accounts of the deplorably depraved conditions in the general seminaries, which are met with in earlier Catholic literature Theiner, S. Seminaries like those of Freiburg and Vienna were counted among the worst, though it has been since proved that they were among the best. The most appalling abuses were reported of a seminary at Rottenburg in the Tyrol, though there was never a seminary in the place.

They became, however, the models of the actual theological Konvikte houses for aspirants to the priesthood after their classical instruction in a state gymnasiumand the program of studies laid out by Rautenstrauch is to this day the groundwork of the curriculum in the Catholic theological faculties of Germany and Austria. The vesting of all ecclesiastical property in a single treasury was impossible in practice.

In the case of monastic property it was capitalized at great loss. In this way Joseph to a certain extent satisfied his distrust of the ecclesiastical administration of property, while the same was placed at the service of the heavily encumbered state treasury. But many of the enterprises formerly conducted by the religious foundations could be no longer carried on owing to the slender returns.

Still greater was the damage done to the credit and the resources of entire provinces, for hitherto the ecclesiastical institutions e. Peasants, mechanics, and artisans were now placed at the mercy of usurious Jews and foreigners, while many were forthwith ruined by the sudden demands made on them. A tax was also levied on church property which had escaped complete secularization.

From it was imposed on the still existing religious orders and on the secular clergy. Formed by consolidating almost the entire property of the Churchit undertook only such obligations as it was in any case the duty of the State to fulfil, especially after the suppression of institutions which had previously of their own accord relieved the State of a portion of these burdens.

The secularization under Josephif less offensive than other well-known secularizations, is nevertheless reprehensible. Joseph undertook his reforms with the best intentions, but left only vague and incomplete semblances of reform. After a reign of ten years and fully aware of his failure, he ended his unhappy and lonely existence February 20,leaving even the monarchy itself in peril.

Hungary was in a ferment; Belgium had just been lost; other provinces were in a state of violent discontent. But though in general the Josephinist system collapsed, its essential principles remain: the efforts for union among all the lands of Austria are one result of the system; another is the attitude of the nineteenth-century State towards the Church.

Skip to main content Accessibility feedback. Click to enlarge. Ancestry [ edit ]. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 4. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 9. Eleonore of Austria 2. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 1. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 6. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 3. Maria Theresa of Austria Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen.

See also [ joseph the 2nd biography of martin ]. References [ edit ]. The French Revolution. Nelson Cengage. Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original PDF on 5 June Retrieved 9 May International History Review. ISSN S2CID JSTOR McGill University. OCLC East European Quarterly. Wigand, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, Retrieved 10 February Europe a history.

New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN Clarendon Press. Habsburg H-Net Discussion Network. April English Historical Review. Oxford University Press: — The City as a Work of Art. Yale University Press. Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. Works cited [ edit ]. Further reading [ edit ]. External links [ edit ]. Wikisource has original works by or about: Joseph II.

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Farmakidis Feraios Kairis Korais. Berkeley Boyle Burke Swift Toland. Carvalho e Melo.